Which statement best contrasts white-box and black-box testing in MDC3?

• A. White-Box Testing Verifies External Behavior; Black-Box Testing Inspects Internal Code.
• B. White-Box Testing Verifies External Behavior; Black-Box Testing Verifies Internal Code.
• C. White-Box Testing Inspects Database Schemas Only.
• D. White-Box Testing and Black-Box Testing Are Identical.

Answer: (C)

The main idea here is how testing approaches differ in what they examine: internal code versus external behavior. White-box testing uses knowledge of the source code to verify how the program actually works—checking which paths are taken, how conditions evaluate, how data moves through the system, and ensuring coverage of the internal logic. Black-box testing, on the other hand, treats the system as a black box and focuses on external behavior: given certain inputs or actions, you verify that the observable outputs, features, and user-facing functionality meet the requirements, without peeking at the code.

Because of that, describing white-box testing as inspecting database schemas only is not accurate. White-box testing encompasses more than just database aspects; it targets the internal implementation and logic, while black-box testing remains about external behavior and interfaces. The key contrast is internal structure and logic versus external behavior and results.