Which of the following is NOT listed among common risk factors for AKI?

• A. Sepsis
• B. Nephrotoxic medications
• C. Hypovolemia
• D. Diabetes mellitus

Answer: (D)

Acute kidney injury is typically triggered by factors that directly impair kidney perfusion or injure the renal tubules. Sepsis brings profound circulatory changes and inflammatory damage that disrupt renal blood flow and function, making AKI more likely. Nephrotoxic medications harm renal tissue through direct toxicity, leading to intrinsic AKI. Hypovolemia lowers circulating blood volume and kidney perfusion, causing prerenal azotemia that can progress to AKI if not corrected. Diabetes mellitus, while it raises the risk for chronic kidney disease and can worsen AKI outcomes in some situations, is not usually listed as a common acute precipitating factor for AKI in standard risk-factor compilations.